Mechanisms and Long-Term Impact of Chronic Cadmium Exposure on Renal Function and Structural Integrity in Terrestrial Mammals: An Analysis of Nephrotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Species-Specific Susceptibility

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal, is recognized for its toxicological effects on various biological systems, particularly in the kidneys of terrestrial mammals. Chronic exposure to cadmium, often through environmental contamination, occupational exposure, or dietary intake, has been associated with significant nephrotoxic effects. The kidneys, being the primary organs for filtering blood and excreting waste, are highly susceptible to cadmium accumulation. This paper examines the mechanisms by which cadmium impairs renal function, with a focus on chronic exposure outcomes. Cadmium's ability to bioaccumulate in renal tissue over time contributes to progressive renal damage, manifesting in conditions such as tubular dysfunction, glomerular injury, and reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The cellular and molecular mechanisms include oxidative stress induction, interference with metal transport systems, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for evaluating the long-term risks associated with cadmium exposure and developing effective preventive strategies. This study further discusses the differential impacts on renal function across various mammalian species, considering factors such as age, sex, and genetic predispositions. By elucidating cadmium's effects on the kidneys, this paper aims to provide insights that could inform public health policies, regulatory standards, and therapeutic interventions aimed at minimizing cadmium exposure risks.